{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# LOPF with coupling to heating sector\n",
    "\n",
    "In this example three locations are optimised, each with an electric bus and a heating bus and corresponding loads. At each location the electric and heating buses are connected with heat pumps; heat can also be supplied to the heat bus with a boiler. The electric buses are connected with transmission lines and there are electrical generators at two of the nodes."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pypsa\n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
    "import seaborn as sns\n",
    "sns.set(rc={\"figure.figsize\":(9, 5)})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "network = pypsa.Network()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Add three buses of AC and heat carrier each"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(3):\n",
    "    network.add(\"Bus\",\"electric bus {}\".format(i),v_nom=20.)\n",
    "    network.add(\"Bus\",\"heat bus {}\".format(i),carrier=\"heat\")\n",
    "network.buses"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "network.buses[\"carrier\"].value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Add three lines in a ring"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(3):\n",
    "    network.add(\"Line\",\"line {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                bus0=\"electric bus {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                bus1=\"electric bus {}\".format((i+1)%3),\n",
    "                x=0.1,\n",
    "                s_nom=1000)\n",
    "network.lines"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Connect the electric to the heat buses with heat pumps with COP 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(3):\n",
    "    network.add(\"Link\",\n",
    "                \"heat pump {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                bus0=\"electric bus {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                bus1=\"heat bus {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                p_nom=100,\n",
    "                efficiency=3.)\n",
    "network.links"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Add carriers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "network.add(\"Carrier\",\"gas\", co2_emissions=0.27)\n",
    "network.add(\"Carrier\",\"biomass\", co2_emissions=0.)\n",
    "network.carriers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Add a gas generator at bus 0, a biomass generator at bus 1 and a boiler at all heat buses"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "network.add(\"Generator\",\"gas generator\",\n",
    "            bus=\"electric bus 0\",\n",
    "            p_nom=100,\n",
    "            marginal_cost=50,\n",
    "            carrier=\"gas\",\n",
    "            efficiency=0.3)\n",
    "\n",
    "network.add(\"Generator\",\"biomass generator\",\n",
    "            bus=\"electric bus 1\",\n",
    "            p_nom=100,\n",
    "            marginal_cost=100,\n",
    "            efficiency=0.3,\n",
    "            carrier=\"biomass\")\n",
    "\n",
    "for i in range(3):\n",
    "    network.add(\"Generator\",\"boiler {}\".format(i),\n",
    "            bus=\"heat bus {}\".format(i),\n",
    "            p_nom=1000,\n",
    "            efficiency=0.9,\n",
    "            marginal_cost=20.,\n",
    "            carrier=\"gas\")\n",
    "\n",
    "network.generators"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Add electric loads and heat loads."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(3):\n",
    "    network.add(\"Load\",\"electric load {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                bus=\"electric bus {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                p_set=i*10)\n",
    "\n",
    "for i in range(3):\n",
    "    network.add(\"Load\",\"heat load {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                bus=\"heat bus {}\".format(i),\n",
    "                p_set=(3-i)*10)\n",
    "\n",
    "network.loads"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We define a function for the LOPF"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def run_lopf():\n",
    "    network.lopf()\n",
    "    df = pd.concat([network.generators_t.p.loc['now'], \n",
    "                   network.links_t.p0.loc['now'], \n",
    "                   network.loads_t.p.loc['now']], \n",
    "                keys=['Generators', 'Links', 'Line'],\n",
    "                names=['Component', 'index']).reset_index(name='Production')\n",
    "\n",
    "    sns.barplot(data=df, x='index', y='Production', hue='Component')\n",
    "    plt.title(f'Objective: {network.objective}')\n",
    "    plt.xticks(rotation=90)\n",
    "    plt.tight_layout()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "run_lopf()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now, rerun with marginal costs for the heat pump operation."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "network.links.marginal_cost = 10\n",
    "run_lopf()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Finally, rerun with no CO2 emissions."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "network.add(\"GlobalConstraint\",\n",
    "            \"co2_limit\",\n",
    "            sense=\"<=\",\n",
    "            constant=0.)\n",
    "\n",
    "run_lopf()"
   ]
  }
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